brainstorming – Microtron

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Parable of Syronius

How to verbalise decimal numbers in critical and non-critical situations

This is an idea about distinguishing between 30 and 13. The fairly silent N on the end of 13 means that emergency services say “one three” for this. That has the weakness of not knowing if you omitted a digit. So what about always saying thirty-naught (or maybe thirty-nul or even thirty-zip) for 30. Consider thirty-one or thirty-two, then why not thirty-naught. So to be pedantic you could say “thirty-naught, three, zero”. Then you would definitely know that it was not 300 or 13, but 30. The word “thirty” now always has one number/digit after it and so that can be distinguished from the following repeat numbers. Similarly “hundred” has “and” after it if more follows, otherwise the repeat occurs straight away. Using “naught” or “nul” in the compound numbers and then using “zero” for listing digits, helps avoid ambiguity. Perhaps using “nul” is better if you are saying knots. Using nul rather than null in written form may help with distinguishing between the concept of nonexistent and the number zero. On the other a hand there is a transitory “thirteen” when you say ‘thirty-n’ul, so would thirty-zip be more secure when radio or telephone transmissions (or even a noisy and busy shop or office) are a bit patchy?

Three hundred and forty-naught, three, four, zero.
Three hundred and forty-one, three, four, one.
Three hundred, three, zero, zero.
Thirty-naught, three, zero knots.
Thirty-naught sausages please.
Thirty-zip sausages please.
Thirteen, that’s one, three knots.
Thirty-zip, that’s three, zero knots.
Thirteen eggs please.
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Extension idea using “comma” for thousands and decimal places
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Thirty-naught thousand nine hundred and thirty-naught, that’s three, zero, comma, nine(r), three, zero metres.
Forty-naught point three, five, eight, two, that’s four, zero, point, three, five, eight, comma, two.
Forty-naught point three fifty eight, two, that’s four, zero, point, three, five, eight, comma, two.

How to verbalise hexadecimal numbers (initial thoughts; produced without considering many scenarios)

If there is already a recognised way of doing this I apologise, however I have not seen it. There needs to be a way to say hexadecimal numbers that distinguishes them from decimal etc. The equivalent of -ty is pronounced -ex. “Dred” comes from the two zero digits of hundred.

0xa, aye
0xb, bee
0xc, cee
0xd, dee
0xe, eey
0xf, ef
0xf1, efex-one (ef, one)
0xd0, deex-naught (dee, zero)
0x5b, fiftex-bee (five, bee)
0xef, eeyex-ef (eey, ef)
0x1cd, one mondred and ceex-dee (one, cee, dee)
0xf09a, efex-naught mondred ninex-aye (ef, zero, nine, aye)
0xd403,ac9b, deex-four tridred and three bidred ayex-cee mondred ninex-bee (dee, four, zero, three, aye, cee, nine, bee)
0xd403,ac9b, deex-four and three bidred ayex-cee and ninex-bee (dee, four, zero, three, aye, cee, nine, bee)
0xd400,ac00, deex-four tridred ayex-cee mondred (dee, four, zero, zero, aye, cee, zero, zero)
0xd400,ac00, deex-four and naught bidred ayex-cee and naught (dee, four, zero, zero, aye, cee, zero, zero)
0xff,0000,0000, efex-ef quadred (ef, ef, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero)
0xf,0000, ef bidred (ef, zero, zero, zero, zero)
0x1d, onex-dee (one, dee)
0x2b, twentex-bee (two, bee)
0xe,0000,0000,0000,0000, eey octred, (eey, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero, zero)

Pharmacy instructions may be ambiguous or confusing at times – two or three extra words might help

“Two pills taken twice a day”; what does that mean? Well, what about “One pill taken twice daily”? The latter is clear in its meaning i.e. One pill twice daily, two pills/day. The former could conceivably be “two pills daily” or “four pills daily”. From what I have seen of pharmacy labelling, the usual meaning is “Two pills taken twice a day, four pills daily”. Putting the daily total after a comma or in brackets, may help clarify these slightly ambiguous cases. This is particularly true as patients may not have a precise understanding of this slightly technical language.

We once had a word for “you plural”; what about American language?

The American word y’all seems very informal and we need something that can be used officially; so what about the old English word “ye”. I often hear this word used by various people speaking colloquially, however they usually do not use it as a plural. We could bring it back as “plural you” and consider that as it used to be part of English, many of the possible ambiguities and transitory homophones with different contexts, that you might expect with a new word in a language that has not had time to evolve around that word, are less likely. Examples of usage might be: “Where are ye going?”, “I voted for ye”, “Ye should listen to the voice of the people.”, “Where is your village” and “What are ye doing for Christmas?”

Though “ye” is plural its usage was as subject and not object; “you” was you plural object and later became singular subject and object, as well; “your” was the you plural possessive as well as singular. Maybe we need a variation of your based on the word ye, such as “yer”. Examples of usage might be: “Where are ye going?”, “I voted for you”, “Ye should listen to the voice of the people.”, “Where is yer village” and “What are ye doing for Christmas?” If we consider that “you” is singular subject and object etc., then perhaps the usage of ye should change to plural subject and object, hence we would have as above: “I voted for ye”; this is simple to master. Alternatively, we could create a variation of you and ye to be the plural object word, but what would that be? Perhaps borrow vous (or sie): “I voted for vou”.

Written and printed language points to note about avoiding ambiguity

Crossed seven. As is current practice by many professionals, when writing the digit 7, it is good practice to cross it. This is to avoid mistaking it for a one, as some people write a one with a slanted tick at the top and an underscore underneath.

One (1), small El (l) and capital Aye (I). Related to this is font ambiguity on computers between { one, small L/el , capital i/aye } : {1,l,I}. A solution to this is to test your choice of font on these characters, before using the font. I think that small L should always have an upturned foot/tick like an upside down one or else curved (like hand written) depending on style. This would distinguish it from capital I/aye in particular. It would not be confused with a capital I/aye written with crosses at the top and bottom either. The vertical stick would then be capital i/aye and not small L/el.

Zero and capital O. The difference between zero (0) and capital O is sometimes represented by an ellipse as opposed to a circle . This is not reliable, especially for handwriting. Sometimes a slanted line or a dot is used in the zero to make this clear. I think that a slanted line is problematic as it could look like 8 or empty set. A dot in the middle is a good idea and should be done more consistently. It could also be possible to use zero with a backslash right through to distinguish it from empty set which occurs with a forward slash right through. Another option is to cross the zero as shown. Something similar can be done with digit 8, if you want to avoid confusion with ‘&’.

5 and S. When hand writing letters and numbers together, number “5” and capital “S” can be confused. One possibility is to cross the fives like crossing a seven. The single cross line would probably be placed about one quarter of the way down the digit “5”. A tidier alternative might be to add a tail and make the line parallel and similar in position and length to the line above it, at the top of the digit “5”.

Next Tuesday. The phrase “next Tuesday” is ambiguous. However there are unambiguous options and these are: “Tuesday week” and simply “on Tuesday”. Some people also say “a week on Tuesday” and “this Tuesday”, but these are longer. “Tuesday week” means the Tuesday after 7 days from now, as does “a week on Tuesday”. “Next Tuesday” should be avoided as it causes a great deal of confusion. This is because there is an obvious logical meaning of “next Tuesday” (on Tuesday) and a coded meaning of the phrase (Tuesday week). You have to be a mind reader to know which is meant, without asking for clarification. If you say “next week on Tuesday”, that has a different meaning again, as the week usually starts on Monday (Oceania) and this means the Tuesday in that following week. For instance if you said that on a Thursday you would mean 5 days later. If you said it on a Monday you would mean 8 days later.

Semicolon usage

An underused tool with which to structure paragraphs is the semicolon. Colon means “as follows” or “following is a list”. Full stop ends a particular thought but not the overall larger thought which is contained in the paragraph. I see the semicolon as indicating that the following comment relates specifically to this sentence and comments on that in particular e.g. “It does 4 Litre / 100 Km; that is very good.”.

Proportions as “per”

We all know what percent means, but we also need “perdix” and “permille”. 50 percent = 5 perdix = 500 permille.

What size? How big?

When discussing size e.g. that person is twice as big or that whale is twice the size, I think that the default meaning for these should be (and often is): twice as big means twice the volume/(perhaps weight) (three dimensions) and twice the size means twice as tall (one dimension). For measuring area, there would be many cases where double size means double length, unless it is farm acreage. Clearly, these words can be defined in a sentence to mean the other if chosen that way: the Marlin was 120Kg in size. Something variable in interpretation like the size of a room would tend to be defined by the units of measure or context. If a room is twice as big, that is assumed to be volume first or perhaps floor area, if defined that way. If a room is twice the size that is assumed to be twice the length first or perhaps floor area, if defined that way. If a football field is half size, then it is assumed to be half length first or perhaps half area if defined that way.

Clock puzzle source

This is some software that is in the early stage of development and addresses the academic question of where is the second hand pointing when the hour and minute hands have an angle of a certain multiple of 30 degrees (5 minutes or 1 hour). Here is the source code:

Analog Clock Source Download Now

Evolutionary theory appears incomplete

Evolutionary theory seems to be incomplete, at present, in its ability to explain genetic progress. Some key areas of focus may include the following possibilities or existing research, where new discoveries might be expected:

Natural selection and random mutation.
Epigenetics and acclimatization with possible inheritance of these characteristics.
Biologically directed mutagenesis of epigenetically labeled characteristic genes/exons.
Biologically directed mutagenesis due to physiological stress by feedback mechanisms that exist to control gene expression. Promoters that promote biological site directed mutagenesis.
In addition to mutagenesis of exons biologically directed mutagenesis of introns and promotors could lead to new gene products and varied levels of expression. Mechanisms of this nature could help explain the surprisingly fast genetic progress observed in the fossil record.
Also a biologically directed mechanism for gene duplication based on similar triggers to those above, might be worth looking for.
There may be unthought of mechanisms to explain the fast genetic progress that we see geologically. Consider then that we think we know what we are doing in Genetic Engineering, when it seems so likely that there will be more earth shattering discoveries about how genetic progress is achieved so quickly. If we lack major pieces of the puzzle that makes our Genetic Modifications more hit and miss and more prone to unexpected outcomes.

Possible big differences in gravity rather than minute

Relativity corrects very small deviations from Newtonian gravity locally, but there could possibly be some large deviations at intragalactic and intergalactic distances. Here are some rough calculations that offer alternative explanations to believing in Dark Matter and Dark Energy.

When I was learning statistical modelling we were taught to choose the most parsimonious model; I haven’t done any statistical modelling in this case, only some possible scenarios have been calculated without fitting much data at all; just broad trends and some known boundaries & parameters. More generally across science “the principle of parsimony or Occam’s Razor is is a principle in the philosophy of science favoring simpler explanations with fewer assumptions. It guides scientific inquiry by promoting clarity, efficiency, and predictive power”. In everyday life people say: “Keep it simple stupid!, if you possibly can.” This is where anthroclimatism (climate change cult) goes wrong, the climate we have is satisfactorily explained by natural cycles and variation e.g. the solar cycles; there is no significant justification for adding extra complexity to the explanation, such as for human activity. Solar cycles correlate well with global temperature until recently (this is not the case for CO2 and temperature; consider the similar temperatures to now in the 1930s along with the Roman and Medieval warm periods) and then more recently, there seems to have been an effect of undersea volcanoes warming the oceans. Also consider that most of the CO2 increase was natural, according to isotope studies and that changes in cloud cover patterns have a much greater affect on radiation of heat to space, than any possible effect of human origin CO2. The most parsimonious model for climate change and global warming does not require human activity to be included.

“The study of clouds, where they occur, and their characteristics, play a key role in the understanding of climate change. Low, thick clouds primarily reflect solar radiation and cool the surface of the Earth. High, thin clouds primarily transmit incoming solar radiation; at the same time, they trap some of the outgoing infrared radiation emitted by the Earth and radiate it back downward, thereby warming the surface of the Earth. Whether a given cloud will heat or cool the surface depends on several factors, including the cloud’s altitude, its size, and the make-up of the particles that form the cloud. The balance between the cooling and warming actions of clouds is very close although, overall, averaging the effects of all the clouds around the globe, cooling predominates.“

There are some hypotheses coming from this conjecture here, that need testing. For instance, some constants can be estimated from my equations or similar equations, along with measures of fit to the data in models of billions of stars interacting in our galaxy. Next models of the interactions of billions of galaxies can evaluate gravity over larger distances, in a similar way, but including red-shift data etc.

Astrophysical thought compromises

Here are some areas where modern astrophysical thinking could be compromised:

Gravitational waves (GW) contain a limited amount of information, in particular there is some but limited information about direction of origin. It is unconvincing to say that if we find waves of a certain frequency, that proves the big bang and inflation theories; we have incomplete knowledge of all the possible sources of GWs.
The conclusion that light and GWs travel at the same speed is unconvincing as it is based on the idea that scatter explains the exact time difference discrepancy observed, with the colliding neutron stars and resulting gamma ray burst. I note that scatter often sends light in a different direction resulting in much less intensity in that direction. We cannot rule out that both were much slower than light speed, with a small final difference, based on that type of dodgy argument. On the other hand, could there have been a delay between collision wave causing events and the Gamma ray burst?; could the Gamma ray burst have started as the stars got close, before the stars actually collided? Einstein acknowledged that his theory of gravity could possibly explain phenomena like Dark Energy, if GWs do not travel at the speed of light; however, Einstein’s theory equations could have missing terms that could explain this as well.
The argument for the existence of primordial black holes the size of an atom to explain dark matter, exposes a problem with the thinking behind the Big Bang theory, itself. If the universe started with highly compressed matter that somehow exploded, why did it not just form a huge black hole? On the other hand, if the claim is that energy exploded, then what mechanism for turning energy to matter was there. Note, that arguing for chance quantum energy to matter formation events and failure to re-annihilate in a balanced way (matter equals antimatter) on that scale is not convincing; just like quantum brains, it is not logical in a practical way.
On the matter of primordial black holes, it seems that high gravity may be needed to maintain the black hole state, as well as to create it, as in the case of supernovae. How do we know that Neutron degeneracy pressure stops, once it collapses or is overcome by a greater force? What happens when that force of inward pressure is no present?

Moon puzzles

There are disagreements about how old the Moon is and how it got there. Also, the current rate of recession, if constant, would place the Moon touching the Earth 1.5b years ago, it is said. Here are some quoted ideas about that.

Moon’s slow retreat from frozen Earth

“Earth’s hydrosphere, if it even existed at the Hadean time, may have been frozen all the way down, which would have all but eliminated tidal dissipation or friction,” Zhong said, adding that a weaker, fainter young Sun could have made such conditions possible in theory.
The “snowball Earth” hypothesis has been suggested previously for the Neoproterozoic era approximately 600 million years ago based on geological record. Similar ideas have also addressed the possibility of a fainter young Sun, but direct observational evidence in the geological record is currently lacking, making it the subject of debate among scientists.

The Moon’s Secret: Captured from Space or Born from Impact?

Recent studies, including Williams and Zugger’s work, suggest that the Moon’s orbit is more aligned with the Sun than with Earth, contradicting expectations from the collision hypothesis. This observation is critical because if the Moon had formed from a ring of debris around Earth, it would likely orbit above the planet’s equator. This discrepancy points to an alternative scenario, where Earth captured the Moon during a near encounter with another rocky body. The possibility of such a binary capture aligns with similar phenomena observed elsewhere in the solar system, such as the retrograde orbit of Neptune’s moon, Triton.
The binary-exchange capture theory posits that the Moon didn’t form from Earth’s debris but was instead captured from a binary system—a pair of celestial bodies orbiting each other. In this scenario, Earth’s gravity could have torn the Moon away from its companion during a close encounter, trapping it in a new orbit around our planet. This capture would explain the Moon’s current orbital characteristics, including its tilt and retrograde motion compared to Earth’s equator.
This theory is not just speculative; it is grounded in mathematical models and physical simulations. The research shows that binary-exchange captures are plausible under the right conditions, with the captured object’s orbit initially taking the shape of an elongated ellipse. Over time, Earth’s gravitational tides would alter the Moon’s path, eventually circularizing its orbit to the familiar trajectory we observe today. This dynamic process mirrors what is thought to have occurred with Triton, Neptune’s largest moon, which is believed to have been captured from the Kuiper Belt.

Hello from the Tron

Hello from Hamilton NZ is what the title means. Finale Print Music (.musx files) is the program that I used to get some expression into Midi programming this way.